The growing interest in solar-terrestrial connections stems from various factors, particularly…

The growing interest in solar-terrestrial connections stems from various factors, particularly their practical implications for radio communication, magnetic navigation, spaceflight safety, weather forecasting, and advancements in biology and medicine. It is now recognized that solar activity, as a primary source of space weather, can adversely affect not only technological systems but also ecological and biological ones, including human health and activities. The biosphere, especially humans and animals, is highly sensitive to solar and geomagnetic activity and its fluctuations.