Honey and other beekeeping products such as wax, propolis, bee bread, royal jelly, and bee…

Honey and other beekeeping products such as wax, propolis, bee bread, royal jelly, and bee venom are rich sources of biologically active substances. Honey has been valued since ancient Greece, where it was believed to grant immortality to the gods. Renowned physicians like Hippocrates and Avicenna used honey for medicinal purposes and recommended it for longevity. Honey typically contains 18-20% water and about 40% carbohydrates, primarily monosaccharides like glucose (27-36%) and fructose (33-42%), which are derived from nectar and formed during honey maturation through the enzyme invertase.