Sharp temperature fluctuations increase the energy cost of thermoregulation in Apis mellifera…

Sharp temperature fluctuations increase the energy cost of thermoregulation in Apis mellifera colonies, potentially impacting food reserves, brood development, and resistance to stressors. Maintaining internal hive temperature requires heating and cooling responses that vary with environmental conditions and colony strength. Factors such as temperature, humidity, water and food availability, ventilation, and hive characteristics must be considered in management. These responses depend on the intensity and duration of temperature swings and local conditions.