Autumn management is the work of preparing the colony for winter. Most of it must be completed within a short window; there is no making up for work done late.

The order matters

The tasks should be done in this sequence:

• Varroa first. The mite load must be low while the winter bees are being reared
• Then feeding. Syrup must be given while it is warm enough to be processed
• Reducing and protecting last

If the order is broken: a colony fed first and treated afterwards carries a residue risk; a Varroa treatment applied late does not save the winter bees.

Checking the queen

A colony that goes into winter queenless or with a failing queen is lost. A final check should be made in autumn:

• Are there eggs and regular brood
• Is there raised drone brood in worker cells
• Is the brood pattern tight

If there is a problem the queen is replaced; if it is too late the colony is united.

Stores

• The amount varies by region. Record what colonies in your own area consume; that is the most reliable measure
• Give it in time. Syrup given late cannot be processed, stays moist and ferments
• Replace honeydew honey. Its high ash content burdens the gut of the winter bees
• Arrange the position of the stores. The cluster moves upwards; the stores should be above it

Assessing colony strength

Trying to take a weak colony through the winter is usually a loss. Uniting is wiser.

The criterion for the decision: does the colony carry enough bees to warm its own cluster?

Physical preparation

• Reduce the space. Empty frames and surplus boxes are removed
• Fit a mouse guard. Once the cluster has formed nobody guards the entrance
• Reduce the entrance but do not close it
• Check the roof. A leaking roof is more lethal than cold
• Tilt it forward. Condensation should run out of the entrance
• Secure the hive against storms and animals

Comb arrangement

Removed combs are stored; dark brood combs are taken out of circulation and used as a wax source.

Stored comb must be protected from wax moth: kept cold, or stored spaced apart in a light, airy place.

The final check

At the last look before winter, ask: are the stores sufficient, are they above the cluster, is the mite level low, is the queen sound, is the hive dry and intact?

If you can answer yes to all five, the winter work is largely done.