European foulbrood differs from American foulbrood on one decisive point: the organism forms no spores that survive for decades.

What that changes

Because there are no long-lived spores, recovery is possible without destroying everything. A colony that is strengthened and given fresh comb can overcome the disease.

That does not make it harmless: it weakens colonies considerably and is also notifiable in many countries.

The picture

• The larva dies before capping — unlike American foulbrood
• Twisted, discoloured larvae in open cells
• A sour smell
• The matchstick test produces no rope
• The remains lift out rather than adhering

The approach

Reporting comes first; what follows is determined by the authority. Common elements:

• Comb replacement: Putting the bees onto fresh foundation and destroying the old comb
• Strengthening colonies; the disease appears mainly in colonies under stress
• Requeening: Interrupts brood rearing and improves the genetics
• Improving nutrition; pollen shortage is a significant factor
• Uniting weak colonies

Why conditions weigh so heavily

European foulbrood appears mainly in colonies already under stress: pollen shortage, cold, a failing queen, Varroa.

The useful question is therefore not only which product, but why this colony was weak.

Antibiotics

Here too they suppress symptoms without removing the problem, leave residues, and are restricted or prohibited in many countries.

Prevention

Renew comb regularly, clean the hive tool between hives, keep colonies strong and well fed, and select for hygienic behaviour.