Propolis is a resinous substance the bees gather from plants and mix with wax, pollen and enzymes. In the hive they use it to seal cracks, coat surfaces and limit microbial growth.

Its composition varies greatly by region because the source plants vary. Propolis is therefore not a standard product.

Two methods of collection

Scraping

Scraping from frame lugs, the crown board and hive surfaces is the simplest route, but the product contains wax, timber fragments and paint residue.

Its quality is low and it may not be suitable for food or health use.

Collection screen

The proper method. A finely perforated screen is placed in the hive in place of the crown board; the bees treat the holes as gaps and fill them.

The propolis obtained is clean, with no timber or paint contamination.

Harvest

When the screen is full it is removed and frozen. Propolis becomes brittle in the cold and the pieces fall out when the screen is flexed.

At room temperature it is sticky and will not separate. Freezing is a required part of the method.

Conditions that increase production

• Cool weather: The tendency to seal increases with cold
• Resinous plants nearby: Poplar, birch, alder and conifers are the main sources
• Genetics: Some lines collect markedly more
• Autumn: Collection rises during preparation for winter

Storage

Cool, dark and airtight. Light and heat degrade its components. It keeps well in a freezer, and being cold also makes it easier to work with.

Points to watch

• Do not scrape painted surfaces. Paint and preservative enter the product
• Treatment periods: Propolis from treated hives may carry residues; remove the screen
• Foreign matter: Metal, plastic and timber fragments must be sorted out
• Allergy: Propolis can cause contact allergy; gloves are sensible

The standardisation problem

Because composition depends on the source plants, propolis from different regions differs markedly in chemistry. Recording the source and collection period is therefore valuable for sale as well.